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The Python Debugger Pdb
=======================
To use the debugger in its simplest form:
>>> import pdb
>>> pdb.run('')
The debugger's prompt is '(Pdb) '. This will stop in the first
function call in .
Alternatively, if a statement terminated with an unhandled exception,
you can use pdb's post-mortem facility to inspect the contents of the
traceback:
>>>
>>> import pdb
>>> pdb.pm()
The commands recognized by the debugger are listed in the next
section. Most can be abbreviated as indicated; e.g., h(elp) means
that 'help' can be typed as 'h' or 'help' (but not as 'he' or 'hel',
nor as 'H' or 'Help' or 'HELP'). Optional arguments are enclosed in
square brackets. Alternatives in the command syntax are separated
by a vertical bar (|).
A blank line repeats the previous command literally, except for
'list', where it lists the next 11 lines.
Commands that the debugger doesn't recognize are assumed to be Python
statements and are executed in the context of the program being
debugged. Python statements can also be prefixed with an exclamation
point ('!'). This is a powerful way to inspect the program being
debugged; it is even possible to change variables or call functions.
When an exception occurs in such a statement, the exception name is
printed but the debugger's state is not changed.
The debugger supports aliases, which can save typing. And aliases can
have parameters (see the alias help entry) which allows one a certain
level of adaptability to the context under examination.
Multiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by the
pair ';;'. No intelligence is applied to separating the commands; the
input is split at the first ';;', even if it is in the middle of a
quoted string.
If a file ".pdbrc" exists in your home directory or in the current
directory, it is read in and executed as if it had been typed at the
debugger prompt. This is particularly useful for aliases. If both
files exist, the one in the home directory is read first and aliases
defined there can be overridden by the local file. This behavior can be
disabled by passing the "readrc=False" argument to the Pdb constructor.
Aside from aliases, the debugger is not directly programmable; but it
is implemented as a class from which you can derive your own debugger
class, which you can make as fancy as you like.
Debugger commands
=================
N)contextmanager)CodeTypec \ rS rSrSrSrg)Restart` zBCauses a debugger to be restarted for the debugged python program. N)__name__
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[ U5 n GN= ff = f)a[ b(reak) [ ([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition] ]
Without argument, list all breaks.
With a line number argument, set a break at this line in the
current file. With a function name, set a break at the first
executable line of that function. If a second argument is
present, it is a string specifying an expression which must
evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored.
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to specify a breakpoint in another file (probably one that
hasn't been loaded yet). The file is searched for on
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z!Num Type Disp Enb WhereNr r r( Invalid condition r] r z%r not found from sys.pathzBad lineno: %s__func__zJThe specified object %r is not a function or was not found along sys.path.r} zBreakpoint %d at %s:%d)!breaksr r r r bpformatr r _compile_error_messager r rfind lookupmoduler7 r r r r r r rB __code__r. r% r lineinfo defaultFile checkline set_break
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Same arguments as break, but sets a temporary breakpoint: it
is automatically deleted when first hit.
r( N)rU r4 s r do_tbreak
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c1 r c SnUR S5 n[ U5 S:X a US R 5 nO%[ U5 S:X a US R 5 nOU$ US:X a U$ UR S5 nUS S:X a US [ U5 S:X a U$ U R 5 n[ U5 S:X a US nO%U R US 5 nU( a UnUS nOU$ [ XpR
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zCheck whether specified line seems to be executable.
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r c UR 5 nU H9 n U R U5 nUR 5 U R SU- 5 M; g! [ a nU R U5 SnAM_ SnAff = f)zoenable bpnumber [bpnumber ...]
Enables the breakpoints given as a space separated list of
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Disables the breakpoints given as a space separated list of
breakpoint numbers. Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot
cause the program to stop execution, but unlike clearing a
breakpoint, it remains in the list of breakpoints and can be
(re-)enabled.
z Disabled %sN)r r9 disabler r r rl s r
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zcondition bpnumber [condition]
Set a new condition for the breakpoint, an expression which
must evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored. If
condition is absent, any existing condition is removed; i.e.,
the breakpoint is made unconditional.
r r( rA r] Nr z#Breakpoint %d is now unconditional.z$New condition set for breakpoint %d.Breakpoint number expected)
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a_ ignore bpnumber [count]
Set the ignore count for the given breakpoint number. If
count is omitted, the ignore count is set to 0. A breakpoint
becomes active when the ignore count is zero. When non-zero,
the count is decremented each time the breakpoint is reached
and the breakpoint is not disabled and any associated
condition evaluates to true.
ru Nr( r r z %d crossingsz
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With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, clear
those breakpoints. Without argument, clear all breaks (but
first ask confirmation). With a filename:lineno argument,
clear all breaks at that line in that file.
zClear all breaks? no)yyesz
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4==1!4
#}} 5 5 %%dmmXt}}M tzz$-- 89 r c < U R ( d U R S5 gU( d [ U R 5 Hs u p#X R :X a SOSn[ U5 n[ U5 S: a USS S- nU R U R c SOUS nU R U SU SU 35 Mu g [ U5 nS Us=:: a [ U R 5 : a O OU R U R c U R S 5 gXpl U R SU R U R 5 U R U R U R 5 gU R S
5 g! [ a U R S
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List or change current exception in an exception chain.
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chain. Exceptions will be numbered, with the current exception indicated
with an arrow.
If given an integer as argument, switch to the exception at that index.
zDid not find chained exceptions. To move between exceptions, pdb/post_mortem must be given an exception object rather than a traceback.N>r P M z...z -z>3zArgument must be an integerr z;This exception does not have a traceback, cannot jump to itz No exception with that number)r r r? r r ro rj r7 r r r( r= r r )r\ r ixexcr rep indicatorrN s r
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89
s 9 E= =FFc U R S:X a U R S5 g [ U=( d S5 nUS: a SnO[ SU R U-
5 nU R U5 g! [ a U R SU- 5 gf = f)zku(p) [count]
Move the current frame count (default one) levels up in the
stack trace (to an older frame).
r z Oldest frameNr( Invalid frame count (%s))r r r7 r maxr r\ r r{ newframes r do_up Pdb.do_up s ==A JJ~ & qME 19H1dmme 34H 8$ JJ1C7 8 s A, , B
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c U R S- [ U R 5 :X a U R S5 g [ U=( d S5 nUS: a [ U R 5 S-
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a U R SU- 5 gf = f)znd(own) [count]
Move the current frame count (default one) levels down in the
stack trace (to a newer frame).
r( z Newest frameNr r )r ro r r r7 r minr r s r do_down Pdb.do_down s ==1 DJJ / JJ~ & qME 194::*H3tzz?Q.
0EFH 8$ JJ1C7 8 s B. . CCc U( a8 [ U5 nX R R :: a U R S5 gOSnU R U R U5 g! [ a U R SU- 5 gf = f)a unt(il) [lineno]
Without argument, continue execution until the line with a
number greater than the current one is reached. With a line
number, continue execution until a line with a number greater
or equal to that is reached. In both cases, also stop when
the current frame returns.
Error in argument: %rNz7"until" line number is smaller than current line numberr( )r7 r r r r3 set_until)r\ r r s r do_until Pdb.do_until5 s
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s A B ?B c V U( a U R U5 gU R 5 g)zs(tep)
Execute the current line, stop at the first possible occasion
(either in a function that is called or in the current
function).
Nr( )r8 r r4 s r do_step Pdb.do_stepN s$ # #C (
r c l U( a U R U5 gU R U R 5 g)zan(ext)
Continue execution until the next line in the current function
is reached or it returns.
Nr( )r8 set_nextr r4 s r do_next Pdb.do_next\ s+ # #C (
dmm$r c U( aE SSK n[ R SS n UR U5 [ l U[ R SS& [ e! [ a# nU R SU< SU< 35 SnAgSnAff = f)zrun [args...]
Restart the debugged python program. If a string is supplied
it is split with "shlex", and the result is used as the new
sys.argv. History, breakpoints, actions and debugger options
are preserved. "restart" is an alias for "run".
r Nr( z Cannot run r] )shlexrm argvr r r r )r\ r r argv0r s r do_run
Pdb.do_runi sj HHQqME
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Continue execution until the current function returns.
Nr( )r8
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# #C (
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l U R 5 g! [ a N f = f)zNc(ont(inue))
Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is encountered.
Nr( ) r8 r r r r r r~ r set_continuer4 s r do_continuePdb.do_continue sk
# #C ( }}
MM&--1D1DE ,
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l U R U R S U4U R U R ' U R U R U R 5 g! [ a nU R SU- 5 SnAgSnAff = f! [ a U R S5 gf = f)ad j(ump) lineno
Set the next line that will be executed. Only available in
the bottom-most frame. This lets you jump back and execute
code again, or jump forward to skip code that you don't want
to run.
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instance it is not possible to jump into the middle of a
for loop or out of a finally clause.
r( z)You can only jump within the bottom frameNr zJump failed: %sz)The 'jump' command requires a line number) r ro r r r7 r r3 r= r )r\ r r s r do_jump Pdb.do_jump s ==1 DJJ / JJB C 2c(C
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Enter a recursive debugger that steps through the code
argument (which is an arbitrary expression or statement to be
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Nz(%s) zENTERING RECURSIVE DEBUGGERzLEAVING RECURSIVE DEBUGGER)rm settracer r r r r r r r r# r call_tracingr r r trace_dispatchr; )r\ r r r ps r do_debug Pdb.do_debug s T--))%% $**dkk :T[[ . . 00 23 QUUS6$: ;
12 T(()yy OO s #C> >DDc 2 SU l U R 5 g)zNq(uit) | exit
Quit from the debugger. The program being executed is aborted.
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Handles the receipt of EOF as a command.
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Print the argument list of the current function.
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_msg_val_funcPdb._msg_val_func# sD ,,s#C LLc # OO s , 3 0Ac [ U5 $ ! [ a+ n[ SU SU R U5 S35 s S nA$ S nAff = f)Nz *** repr(z
) failed: z ***)r r rX rJ )r\ r rc r s r rb Pdb._safe_repr- sJ P9 P9TF*T5E5Ea5H4INO O Ps
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Print the value of the expression.
N)r r r4 s r do_pPdb.do_p3 s
3%r c D U R U[ R 5 g)z9pp expression
Pretty-print the value of the expression.
N)r pprintpformatr4 s r do_pp Pdb.do_pp: s
3/r c H SU l SnU( a US:w a SU; aO UR S5 u p2[ UR 5 5 n[ UR 5 5 nX#: a X2- nOo[ UR 5 5 n[ SUS-
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List source code for the current file. Without arguments,
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line. With one argument, list 11 lines starting at that line.
With two arguments, list the given range; if the second
argument is less than the first, it is a count.
The current line in the current frame is indicated by "->".
If an exception is being debugged, the line where the
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">>", if it differs from the current line.
rP Nr$ r r( r r zz>> N) r3 r r_ r? rc rjustro r r )
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Print the type of the argument.
Nz Method %sz Function %szClass r$ )
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Without argument, print the list of available commands.
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"help exec" gives help on the ! command.
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Execute the (one-line) statement in the context of the current
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(Pdb) ! n=42
(Pdb)
To assign to a global variable you must always prefix the command with
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(Pdb)
r' N)r help_execr
r# r[ s r rF
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